Hardly Known Twenty Years Ago, Exclusion From Public Space Has Today Become A Standard Tool Of State Intervention. Every Year, Tens Of Thousands Of Homeless Individuals, Drug Addicts, Teenagers, Protesters And Others Are Banned From Parts Of Public Space. The Rise Of Exclusion Measures Is Characteristic Of Two Broader Developments That Have Profoundly Transformed Public Space In Recent Years: The Privatisation Of Public Space, And Its Increased Control In The 'security Society'. Despite The Fundamental Problems It Raises, Exclusion From Public Space Has Received Hardly Any Attention From Legal Scholars. This Book Addresses This Gap And Comprehensively Explores The Implications That This New Form Of Intervention Has For The Constitutional Essentials Of Liberal Democracy: The Rule Of Law, Fundamental Rights, And Democracy. To Do So, It Analyses Legal Developments In Three Liberal Democracies That Have Been At The Forefront Of Promoting Exclusion Measures: The United Kingdom, The United States, And Switzerland. -- Back Cover. Introduction -- Public Space And Its Transformation -- Exclusion From Public Space -- Rule Of Law -- Fundamental Rights : Liberty -- Fundamental Rights : Equality -- Democracy -- A Right (of Access) To Public Space? -- Synthesis -- Bibliography -- Annex I: Overview Of The Most Important Exclusion Norms -- Annex Ii: Typology Of Exclusion Norms. Daniel Moeckli. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 449-491) And Index.

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Moeckli, Daniel

Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)

Cambridge studies in international and comparative law, 129, New York, 2016

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2016

United Kingdom and Ireland, United Kingdom

Cambridge, 2018

Dec 13, 2018

1, PS, 2016

lg2914709

producers:
Cambridge University Press

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Memory of the World Librarian: Slowrotation

Source title: Exclusion from Public Space: A Comparative Constitutional Analysis (Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law)

Cover
1
Half-title page 3
Series page 4
Title page 5
Copyright page 6
Summary contents 7
Contents 9
Acknowledgements 16
Abbreviations 17
1 Introduction 21
1.1 Exclusion from public space and its challenges to liberal democracy 22
1.2 Methodology 24
1.2.1 A constitutional analysis 24
1.2.2 A comparative analysis 25
1.2.3 Choice of states 30
1.3 Scope of research 37
1.4 Language and terminology 39
1.5 Structure of the book 41
2 Public space and its transformation 44
2.1 The definition of ‘public space’ and related concepts 44
2.1.1 ‘Public space’ 45
2.1.1.1 ‘Space’ 45
2.1.1.2 ‘Public’ 45
2.1.1.3 ‘Public space’ 47
2.1.2 ‘Public place’ 54
2.1.3 ‘Semi-public space’ 54
2.1.4 ‘Public forum’ 55
2.1.5 ‘Public sphere’ 55
2.2 Historical background 57
2.3 The importance of public space 59
2.3.1 Space of liberty 59
2.3.2 Space of equality 60
2.3.3 Space of tolerance 60
2.3.4 Space of democracy 61
2.3.5 The importance of (physical) public space in the information age 62
2.4 Regulation of the use of public space 64
2.4.1 Switzerland 65
2.4.2 United Kingdom 68
2.4.3 United States 70
2.5 The transformation of public space 72
2.5.1 Privatisation of public space 73
2.5.2 Increased control of public space in the security society 81
2.5.3 Public space transformed 85
2.6 Conclusion 86
3 Exclusion from public space 88
3.1 Historical background: the decline of banishment 88
3.2 The resurgence of exclusion 92
3.3 The targets of exclusion 95
3.3.1 Criminal behaviour 96
3.3.1.1 Convicted offenders 97
3.3.1.2 Potential offenders 99
3.3.2 Anti-social behaviour 104
3.3.2.1 Vagrancy, loitering, begging 104
3.3.2.2 Sitting, lying, spitting, drinking alcohol 105
3.3.2.3 Juvenile curfews 106
3.3.2.4 Blanket exclusion norms 108
3.3.3 Political protest 115
3.3.3.1 Creation of permanent protest-free zones 116
3.3.3.2 New police strategies 118
3.4 A typology of exclusion measures 120
3.4.1 Mode of exclusion 121
3.4.1.1 Informal exclusion: urban design 121
3.4.1.2 Prohibitions 122
3.4.1.3 Authorisation requirements 124
3.4.1.4 Court powers 125
3.4.1.5 Police powers 126
3.4.2 Excluded behaviour 127
3.4.2.1 Exclusion of particular forms of behaviour 128
3.4.2.2 Complete exclusion 128
3.4.3 Geographical scope 129
3.4.3.1 Limited scope 129
3.4.3.2 Unlimited scope 131
3.4.4 Temporal scope 132
3.4.4.1 Short term 132
3.4.4.2 Long term 133
3.4.4.3 Permanent 134
3.5 Conclusion 134
4 Rule of law 137
4.1 The rule of law/Rechtsstaatsprinzip 138
4.1.1 Historical background 139
4.1.2 The rule of law in the United Kingdom 140
4.1.3 The rule of law in the United States 142
4.1.4 The Rechtsstaatsprinzip in Switzerland 145
4.1.5 The rule of law in international law 148
4.1.6 Common elements of the rule of law and the Rechtsstaatsprinzip 149
4.1.7 Link to fundamental rights and democracy 151
4.2 Principle of legality 153
4.2.1 The need for legal authority 153
4.2.2 Exclusion from public space based on explicit legal authority 159
4.2.2.1 Switzerland 160
4.2.2.2 United States 162
4.2.2.3 United Kingdom 163
4.2.3 Exclusion from public space without explicit legal authority 164
4.2.3.1 Breach-of-the-peace powers and polizeiliche Generalklausel 164
4.2.3.2 Exclusion from public space based on breach-of-the-peace powers and the polizeiliche Generalklausel 169
4.3 Requirement of sufficient precision 178
4.3.1 In general 178
4.3.2 Norms authorising exclusion from public space and the requirement of sufficient precision 184
4.3.2.1 Scope of application 184
4.3.2.2 Available exclusion measures 200
4.3.2.3 Result 203
4.4 Procedural safeguards and access to justice 204
4.4.1 Circumvention of procedural safeguards 204
4.4.2 Right to an effective remedy 213
4.5 Conclusion 217
5 Fundamental rights: liberty 219
5.1 Fundamental and human rights 220
5.1.1 International law 222
5.1.2 United Kingdom 225
5.1.3 United States 226
5.1.4 Switzerland 229
5.2 Scope of protection 233
5.2.1 Human dignity 235
5.2.1.1 The guarantee of human dignity 235
5.2.1.2 Exclusion from public space and human dignity 236
5.2.2 The general guarantee: personal liberty/respect for private life 237
5.2.2.1 The right to personal liberty/respect for private life 237
5.2.2.2 Exclusion from public space and personal liberty/respect for private life 240
5.2.3 Freedom of movement 243
5.2.3.1 The right to freedom of movement 243
5.2.3.2 Exclusion from public space and freedom of movement 247
5.2.4 Freedom from arbitrary detention 254
5.2.4.1 The right to freedom from arbitrary detention 254
5.2.4.2 Exclusion from public space and freedom from arbitrary detention 255
5.2.5 Freedom of assembly 259
5.2.5.1 The right to freedom of assembly 259
5.2.5.2 Exclusion from public space and freedom of assembly 262
5.2.6 Freedom of expression 265
5.2.6.1 The right to freedom of expression 265
5.2.6.2 Exclusion from public space and freedom of expression 268
5.2.7 Respect for family life 270
5.2.7.1 The right to respect for family life 270
5.2.7.2 Exclusion from public space and respect for family life 271
5.2.8 Other fundamental rights 272
5.2.9 Result 274
5.3 Limitations 275
5.3.1 Legitimate aim 278
5.3.1.1 Criminal behaviour 281
5.3.1.2 Anti-social behaviour 283
5.3.1.3 Political protest 297
5.3.2 Proportionality 300
5.3.2.1 The principle of proportionality as a universal criterion of constitutionality 300
5.3.2.2 Proportionality of exclusion measures 304
5.3.3 Result 334
5.4 Conclusion 337
6 Fundamental rights: equality 340
6.1 The right to equality and non-discrimination 341
6.1.1 Sources 342
6.1.1.1 International law 343
6.1.1.2 United Kingdom 347
6.1.1.3 United States 348
6.1.1.4 Switzerland 349
6.1.2 Content 351
6.1.2.1 General issues 352
6.1.2.2 Difference in treatment or outcome 355
6.1.2.3 Comparability 356
6.1.2.4 Justification 357
6.1.2.5 Intensity of review 361
6.1.2.6 Evidence and proof 365
6.2 Exclusion from public space and the right to equality and non-discrimination 367
6.2.1 Criminal behaviour 369
6.2.1.1 Unequal laws: distinctions based on citizenship and residence permit status 370
6.2.1.2 Unequal enforcement: distinctions based on race, ethnic origin or religion 375
6.2.2 Anti-social behaviour 378
6.2.2.1 Unequal laws: distinctions based on age 378
6.2.2.2 Unequal enforcement: distinctions based on social status and way of life 383
6.2.2.3 Unequal enforcement: distinctions based on race and ethnic origin 390
6.2.3 Political protest 392
6.3 Conclusion 395
7 Democracy 397
7.1 Democracy 398
7.1.1 United Kingdom 400
7.1.2 United States 403
7.1.3 Switzerland 405
7.1.4 International law 408
7.2 The democratic legitimacy of exclusion measures 410
7.3 The consequences of exclusion measures for democracy 414
7.3.1 Exercise of political and civil rights in public space and democracy 416
7.3.2 Mere presence in public space and democracy 420
7.3.2.1 The ‘psychological conditions’ of democracy 420
7.3.2.2 Exclusion measures and the ‘psychological conditions’ of democracy 426
7.4 Conclusion 429
8 A right (of access) to public space? 432
8.1 ‘Reclaiming public space’? 433
8.1.1 Exclusion measures and the decline of public space 433
8.1.2 Reaction: claims for a right to public space 435
8.2 De lege lata: is there a right to public space? 438
8.2.1 United Kingdom 439
8.2.2 United States 441
8.2.3 Switzerland 442
8.2.4 Result 446
8.3 De lege ferenda: is there a need for a right to public space? 447
8.3.1 A right of access to public space? 447
8.3.2 A right to the existence of public space? 454
8.4 Conclusion 456
9 Synthesis 457
9.1 Conclusion: exclusion measures in conflict with liberal democracy 457
9.2 Outlook: the importance of civic responsibility 465
Bibliography 469
Annex I Overview of the most important exclusion norms 512
Annex II Typology of exclusion norms 544
Index 553

"Hardly known twenty years ago, exclusion from public space has today become a standard tool of state intervention. Every year, tens of thousands of homeless individuals, drug addicts, teenagers, protesters and others are banned from parts of public space. The rise of exclusion measures is characteristic of two broader developments that have profoundly transformed public space in recent years: the privatisation of public space, and its increased control in the 'security society'. Despite the fundamental problems it raises, exclusion from public space has received hardly any attention from legal scholars. This book addresses this gap and comprehensively explores the implications that this new form of intervention has for the constitutional essentials of liberal democracy: the rule of law, fundamental rights, and democracy. To do so, it analyses legal developments in three liberal democracies that have been at the forefront of promoting exclusion measures: the United Kingdom, the United States, and Switzerland"--Provided by publisher

This book will be of interest to all those interested in constitutional law, public law, human rights law, criminal law, criminology, and comparative law. It will help readers to understand what implications banning people from parts of public space has for the constitutional essentials of liberal democracy: the rule of law, fundamental rights, and democracy.

2021-01-06