Endeavours to make this seemingly difficult subject understandable and enjoyable for the readers. It provides an account of classical and modern genetics with new developments in the field. The scope of each chapter has been broadened enough to provide information on historical landmarks as well as of new facts from current issues of major journals. Chapters on gene transcription, regulation, human genetics, recombinant DNA and genomics have been given special attention to create awareness about future areas in this growing field. Experimental work is supported by methodologies and illustrations. The text is useful for students pursuing courses in cell and molecular biology, biophysics, anthropology and agricultural sciences at universities, medical colleges and similar institutions.

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Karvita B. Ahluwalia

Wiley Eastern Pvt.Ltd , New Delhi

New Age International Pvt Ltd

Wiley Eastern Pvt Ltd

United Kingdom and Ireland, United Kingdom

2nd ed., New Delhi, India, 2009

2nd ed, New Delhi, c2009

New Delhi, 1985

India, India

Kingdwarf -- to 2009-09

lg174332

producers:
Acrobat Distiller 5.0.5 (Windows)

{"last_page":468}

Memory of the World Librarian: Quintus

Includes bibliographical references and index.
Electronic reproduction. Palo Alto, Calif. : ebrary, 2009. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ebrary affiliated libraries.

MiFliC

MiU

Medical Sciences, Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Pharmacy, Microbiology
Dedicated to My Parents 6
Preface to the Second Edition 8
Preface to the First Edition 10
Contents 12
Chapter 1. The Pre-Mendelian Era and Mendelism 18
Mendel and the Birth of Mendelism 19
Mendel's Experiments 19
Selected Readings
27
Chapter 2. Interaction of Genes 28
Incomplete Dominance 28
Codominance 29
Epistasis 30
Complementary Genes 34
Duplicate Genes 35
Polymeric Genes 35
Modifying Genes 36
Lethal Genes 36
Questions 40
Selected Readings 41
Chapter 3. Environment and Gene Expression 42
Penetrance and Expressivity 42
Temperature 43
Light
44
Phenocopies
44
Environmental Effects and Twin Studies 45
Human Intelligence 46
Drug Resistance 46
Questions 46
Selected Readings 47
Chapter 4. Quantitative or Polygenic Inheritance 48
Inheritance of Kernel Colour in Wheat 49
Corolla Length in Tobacco 51
Skin Colour Inheritance in Man 52
Transgressive and Regressive Variation 52
Questions 53
Selected Readings 53
Chapter 5. Multiple Alleles 54
What are Multiple Alleles? 54
Sexual Incompatibility in Plants 55
Blood Group Alleles in Man
56
Multiple Alleles and Complex Loci 58
Questions 58
Selected Readings 59
Chapter 6. Cell Division and Chromosome Theory of Inheritance 60
Mitosis 60
Meiosis 63
The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance 72
Questions 74
Selected Readings 75
Chapter 7. Chi-Square Test and Probability 76
Chi-Square Test 76
Probability 78
Binomial Expansions 79
Multinomial Distributions 80
Questions 81
Selected Readings 82
Chapter 8. Linkage, Recombination and Gene Mapping 83
Morgan's Work on Drosophila 85
Crossing Over 87
The Three-Point Cross 88
Detection of Linkage 91
Double Crossing Over 91
Cytological Basis for Crossing Over 92
Sex Linkage 94
Recombination in Neurospora 96
Gene Mapping in Fungi 98
Questions 101
Selected Readings 102
Chapter 9. Extranuclear Transmission of Traits 104
Killer Trait in Paramecium 105
CO2 Sensitivity in Drosophila
106
Plastid Inheritance 107
Male Transmission in Geranium (Pelargonium) 108
Iojap Strain of Maize
108
Male Sterility in Plants 108
Inheritance Through Mitochondria 109
The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 110
Extranuclear Genes in Chlamydomonas 111
Questions 112
Selected Readings 113
Chapter 10. The Genetic Control of Sex 114
Chromosomal Basis of Sex Determination 115
Sex Chromosomes in Resting Nuclei: Barr Bodies and Lyon's Hypothesis 117
Balance Theory of Sex determination 119
Sex Mosaics 121
Genotypic Mechanisms for Sex Determination 122
Environmental Control of Sex 123
Hormones and Sex Determination 124
Questions 125
Selected Readings 125
Chapter 11. Variations in Chromosome Number 127
Euploidy 127
Artificial Induction of Polyploidy 132
Aneuploidy 133
Aneuploidy in Drosophila 135
Aneuploidy in Humans 136
Haploids 136
Questions 137
Selected Readings 137
Chapter 12. Variations in Chromosome structure 139
Deletion Or Deficiency 139
Duplications 142
Translocations 144
Inversions 151
B-Chromosomes 153
Questions 154
Selected Readings 154
Chapter 13. Nature of the Genetic Material
156
DNA is The Genetic Material in Bacteria 156
Evidence That DNA is The Genetic Material in Viruses 158
Genes of Some Viruses are Made of RNA 160
Biochemical Evidence That Genes are Made of DNA
161
Questions 162
Selected Readings 162
Chapter 14. The Structure and Replication of DNA 163
Types of Bonds 164
The Double Helix 165
The A, B and C Forms of DNA 168
The Left Handed Helix 168
Bends in DNA 169
Supercoiled DNA 170
Replication of DNA 170
The Nucleic Acid Enzymes - A General Account 173
Molecular Mechanism of DNA Replication 174
DNA Replication in Bacteria 176
DNA Replication in Eukaryotes 179
Replication in Kinetic Classes of DNA 181
The Rolling Circle Method of Replication 181
Replication in DNA Viruses 182
Questions 182
Selected Readings 183
Chapter 15. Gene Transcription and Translation into Proteins 185
The Central Dogma 185
Colinearity of Gene and Its Product
187
Transcription 188
Eukaryotic Transcription 194
Messenger RNA 197
Reverse Transcription 202
RNA and Protein Synthesis 203
Transfer RNA 204
Ribosomes and Ribosomal RNA 205
The Reconstitution of Ribosomes
208
Special Features of rRNA Genes 209
The Genetic Code 209
Genetic Evidence for The Code 213
Translation and Protein Biosynthesis 215
Destinations of Proteins 222
Open Reading Frame 225
Functional Proteins 225
Questions 228
Selected Readings 229
Chapter 16. Genetic Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 231
What are Induction and Repression? 231
Regulation in Prokaryotes 232
Details of Genes 234
The Inducible and Repressible Systems 236
Transcriptional and Translational Control 237
DNA Methylation 245
Questions 247
Selected Readings 248
Chapter 17. Genetics of Bacteria 250
Transformation 251
Conjugation 254
Transduction 258
The Genetic MAP of E. coli 260
Plasmids 261
Moveable Genes 262
Genomes in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 264
Questions 268
Selected Readings 268
Chapter 18. Genetics of Viruses 270
Life Cycle of Virulent Bacteriophages 271
Temperate Phages and Prophage 273
Genetic Recombination in Phages 274
Mapping Genes in Phage Lambda 277
The RNA Phages 279
Tumour Viruses and Cancer 280
Viroids 283
Questions 283
Selected Readings 284
Chapter 19. The Eukaryotic Chromosome 285
Gross Structure of Chromosomes 285
The Nucleolus 291
Some Specific Gene Sequences in Chromosomes 295
Chromosome Banding 296
The Synaptonemal Complex 297
Strandedness of Chromosomes 299
Chromosomal Proteins 299
The Nucleosome 300
The Supranucleosomal Structures 302
The Specialised Chromosomes 303
Questions 305
Selected Readings 305
Chapter 20. Mutations 308
Detection of Spontaneous Mutations 309
Cytologically Visible Gene Mutations 312
Mutable Genes 312
Induction of Mutations 312
UV Radiation 315
Chemicals as Mutagens 316
Reverse Mutations 320
Repair of DNA 322
Sister Chromatid Exchanges 324
Mutations Affecting Human Beings 325
Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens 325
Questions
326
Selected Readings 326
Chapter 21. Human Genetics 328
The Human Chromosome Complement 328
Chromosomal Anomalies and Human Disorders 329
Tracing The Gene in Family-Pedigree Studies 334
Genetics of Human Metabolic Diseases 338
Some Complex Traits in Families 341
Genetics of The Haemoglobins 342
Amniocentesis 344
Somatic Cell Hybrids 346
Immunogenetics 348
The HLA System 350
Cancer 354
Oncogenes 356
Human Prion Disease 361
Questions
362
Selected Readings 362
Chapter 22. Fine Structure of The Gene 365
Mapping The rll Locus in T4 366
Gene Conversion 370
Split Genes 375
Gene Families and Pseudogenes 377
Transposable Elements 378
Overlapping Genes 381
Questions 383
Selected Readings 383
Chapter 23. Recombinant DNA Technology 385
Questions 407
Selected Readings 407
Chapter 24. Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology 409
Selected Readings 421
Chapter 25. Genomics 422
Optical Mapping of Whole Genome
429
Synthetic Genomics 430
Selected Readings 430
Chapter 26. Populations and Gene Frequencies 434
Gene and Genotype Frequencies 434
The Hardy-Weinberg Law 435
Nonrandom Mating 437
Variation in Populations 439
Changes in Gene Frequencies in Populations 441
Selected Readings 443
Chapter 27. Origin of Life-Evolution of Man 444
Origin of The First Elements 445
Chemical Evolution 445
Geological Evidences 446
The Planets and Life 449
Prebiotic Synthesis of Macromolecules 451
From Micro-Organisms to Man 457
Darwin and Natural Selection 460
Selected Readings 460
Index 462
Endeavours,to,make,this,seemingly,difficult,subject,understandable,and,enjoyable,for,the,readers.,It,provides,an,account,of,classical,and,modern,genetics,with,new,developments,in,the,field.,The,scope,of,each,chapter,has,been,broadened,enough,to,provide,information,on,historical,landmarks,as,well,as,of,new,facts,from,current,issues,of,major,journals.,Chapters,on,gene,transcription;,regulation;,human,genetics;,recombinant,DNA,and,genomics,have,been,given,special,attention,to,create,awareness,about,future,areas,in,this,growing,field.,Experimental,work,is,supported,by,methodologies,and,illustrations.;,The,text,is,useful,for,students,pursuing,courses,in,cell,and,molecular,biology;,biophysics;,anthropology,and,agricultural,sciences,at,universities;,medical,colleges,and,similar,institutions
Endeavours to make this seemingly difficult subject understandable and enjoyable for the readers. It provides an account of classical and modern genetics with new developments in the field. The scope of each chapter has been broadened enough to provide information on historical landmarks as well as of new facts from current issues of major journals. Chapters on gene transcription,regulation,human genetics,recombinant DNA and genomics have been given special attention to create awareness about future areas in this growing field. Experimental work is supported by methodologies and illustrations.,The text is useful for students pursuing courses in cell and molecular biology,biophysics,anthropology and agricultural sciences at universities,medical colleges and similar institutions
Dedicated to My Parents 6
Preface to the Second Edition 8
Preface to the First Edition 10
Contents 12
Chapter 1. The Pre-Mendelian Era and Mendelism 18
Mendel and the Birth of Mendelism 19
Mendel's Experiments 19
Selected Readings 27
Chapter 2. Interaction of Genes 28
Incomplete Dominance 28
Codominance 29
Epistasis 30
Complementary Genes 34
Duplicate Genes 35
Polymeric Genes 35
Modifying Genes 36
Lethal Genes 36
Questions 40
Selected Readings 41
Chapter 3. Environment and Gene Expression 42
Penetrance and Expressivity 42
Temperature 43
Light 44
Phenocopies 44
Environmental Effects and Twin Studies 45
Human Intelligence 46
Drug Resistance 46
Questions 46
Selected Readings 47
Chapter 4. Quantitative or Polygenic Inheritance 48
Inheritance of Kernel Colour in Wheat 49
Corolla Length in Tobacco 51
Skin Colour Inheritance in Man 52
Transgressive and Regressive Variation 52
Questions 53
Selected Readings 53
Chapter 5. Multiple Alleles 54
What are Multiple Alleles? 54
Sexual Incompatibility in Plants 55
Blood Group Alleles in Man 56
Multiple Alleles and Complex Loci 58
Questions 58
Selected Readings 59
Chapter 6. Cell Division and Chromosome Theory of Inheritance 60
Mitosis 60
Meiosis 63
The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance 72
Questions 74
Selected Readings 75
Chapter 7. Chi-Square Test and Probability 76
Chi-Square Test 76
Probability 78
Binomial Expansions 79
Multinomial Distributions 80
Questions 81
Selected Readings 82
Chapter 8. Linkage, Recombination and Gene Mapping 83
Morgan's Work on Drosophila 85
Crossing Over 87
The Three-Point Cross 88
Detection of Linkage 91
Double Crossing Over 91
Cytological Basis for Crossing Over 92
Sex Linkage 94
Recombination in Neurospora 96
Gene Mapping in Fungi 98
Questions 101
Selected Readings 102
Chapter 9. Extranuclear Transmission of Traits 104
Killer Trait in Paramecium 105
CO2 Sensitivity in Drosophila 106
Plastid Inheritance 107
Male Transmission in Geranium (Pelargonium) 108
Iojap Strain of Maize 108
Male Sterility in Plants 108
Inheritance Through Mitochondria 109
The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 110
Extranuclear Genes in Chlamydomonas 111
Questions 112
Selected Readings 113
Chapter 10. The Genetic Control of Sex 114
Chromosomal Basis of Sex Determination 115
Sex Chromosomes in Resting Nuclei: Barr Bodies and Lyon's Hypothesis 117
Balance Theory of Sex determination 119
Sex Mosaics 121
Genotypic Mechanisms for Sex Determination 122
Environmental Control of Sex 123
Hormones and Sex Determination 124
Questions 125
Selected Readings 125
Chapter 11. Variations in Chromosome Number 127
Euploidy 127
Artificial Induction of Polyploidy 132
Aneuploidy 133
Aneuploidy in Drosophila 135
Aneuploidy in Humans 136
Haploids 136
Questions 137
Selected Readings 137
Chapter 12. Variations in Chromosome structure 139
Deletion Or Deficiency 139
Duplications 142
Translocations 144
Inversions 151
B-Chromosomes 153
Questions 154
Selected Readings 154
Chapter 13. Nature of the Genetic Material 156
DNA is The Genetic Material in Bacteria 156
Evidence That DNA is The Genetic Material in Viruses 158
Genes of Some Viruses are Made of RNA 160
Biochemical Evidence That Genes are Made of DNA 161
Questions 162
Selected Readings 162
Chapter 14. The Structure and Replication of DNA 163
Types of Bonds 164
The Double Helix 165
The A, B and C Forms of DNA 168
The Left Handed Helix 168
Bends in DNA 169
Supercoiled DNA 170
Replication of DNA 170
The Nucleic Acid Enzymes - A General Account 173
Molecular Mechanism of DNA Replication 174
DNA Replication in Bacteria 176
DNA Replication in Eukaryotes 179
Replication in Kinetic Classes of DNA 181
The Rolling Circle Method of Replication 181
Replication in DNA Viruses 182
Questions 182
Selected Readings 183
Chapter 15. Gene Transcription and Translation into Proteins 185
The Central Dogma 185
Colinearity of Gene and Its Product 187
Transcription 188
Eukaryotic Transcription 194
Messenger RNA 197
Reverse Transcription 202
RNA and Protein Synthesis 203
Transfer RNA 204
Ribosomes and Ribosomal RNA 205
The Reconstitution of Ribosomes 208
Special Features of rRNA Genes 209
The Genetic Code 209
Genetic Evidence for The Code 213
Translation and Protein Biosynthesis 215
Destinations of Proteins 222
Open Reading Frame 225
Functional Proteins 225
Questions 228
Selected Readings 229
Chapter 16. Genetic Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 231
What are Induction and Repression? 231
Regulation in Prokaryotes 232
Details of Genes 234
The Inducible and Repressible Systems 236
Transcriptional and Translational Control 237
DNA Methylation 245
Questions 247
Selected Readings 248
Chapter 17. Genetics of Bacteria 250
Transformation 251
Conjugation 254
Transduction 258
The Genetic MAP of E. coli 260
Plasmids 261
Moveable Genes 262
Genomes in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 264
Questions 268
Selected Readings 268
Chapter 18. Genetics of Viruses 270
Life Cycle of Virulent Bacteriophages 271
Temperate Phages and Prophage 273
Genetic Recombination in Phages 274
Mapping Genes in Phage Lambda 277
The RNA Phages 279
Tumour Viruses and Cancer 280
Viroids 283
Questions 283
Selected Readings 284
Chapter 19. The Eukaryotic Chromosome 285
Gross Structure of Chromosomes 285
The Nucleolus 291
Some Specific Gene Sequences in Chromosomes 295
Chromosome Banding 296
The Synaptonemal Complex 297
Strandedness of Chromosomes 299
Chromosomal Proteins 299
The Nucleosome 300
The Supranucleosomal Structures 302
The Specialised Chromosomes 303
Questions 305
Selected Readings 305
Chapter 20. Mutations 308
Detection of Spontaneous Mutations 309
Cytologically Visible Gene Mutations 312
Mutable Genes 312
Induction of Mutations 312
UV Radiation 315
Chemicals as Mutagens 316
Reverse Mutations 320
Repair of DNA 322
Sister Chromatid Exchanges 324
Mutations Affecting Human Beings 325
Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens 325
Questions 326
Selected Readings 326
Chapter 21. Human Genetics 328
The Human Chromosome Complement 328
Chromosomal Anomalies and Human Disorders 329
Tracing The Gene in Family-Pedigree Studies 334
Genetics of Human Metabolic Diseases 338
Some Complex Traits in Families 341
Genetics of The Haemoglobins 342
Amniocentesis 344
Somatic Cell Hybrids 346
Immunogenetics 348
The HLA System 350
Cancer 354
Oncogenes 356
Human Prion Disease 361
Questions 362
Selected Readings 362
Chapter 22. Fine Structure of The Gene 365
Mapping The rll Locus in T4 366
Gene Conversion 370
Split Genes 375
Gene Families and Pseudogenes 377
Transposable Elements 378
Overlapping Genes 381
Questions 383
Selected Readings 383
Chapter 23. Recombinant DNA Technology 385
Questions 407
Selected Readings 407
Chapter 24. Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology 409
Selected Readings 421
Chapter 25. Genomics 422
Optical Mapping of Whole Genome 429
Synthetic Genomics 430
Selected Readings 430
Chapter 26. Populations and Gene Frequencies 434
Gene and Genotype Frequencies 434
The Hardy-Weinberg Law 435
Nonrandom Mating 437
Variation in Populations 439
Changes in Gene Frequencies in Populations 441
Selected Readings 443
Chapter 27. Origin of Life-Evolution of Man 444
Origin of The First Elements 445
Chemical Evolution 445
Geological Evidences 446
The Planets and Life 449
Prebiotic Synthesis of Macromolecules 451
From Micro-Organisms to Man 457
Darwin and Natural Selection 460
Selected Readings 460
Index 462

About the Book: Endeavours to make this seemingly difficult subject understandable and enjoyable for the readers. It provides an account of classical and modern genetics with new developments in the field. The scope of each chapter has been broadened enough to provide information on historical landmarks as well as of new facts from current issues of major journals. Chapters on gene transcription, regulation, human genetics, recombinant DNA and genomics have been given special attention to create awareness about future areas in this growing field. Experimental work is supported by methodologie

2010-01-07